The status quo of 3D concrete printing: are we there yet?

Abstract

The technology of 3D concrete printing has seen a rapid growth in industrial applications and academic activities over the past decade. 3D Printing is being advertised to address the urgent sustainability and productivity challenges in the field of construction, by reducing the total amount of concrete in buildings or structures, and by producing them in an automated, high-speed and robust manner. Today, however, 3D concrete printing does not yet live up to its full potential. In this contribution, the advancements in recent years are discussed, and the status quo of the technology is assessed from a productivity and sustainability perspective. Finally, recommendations for the next steps in the development towards a higher efficiency and reduced environmental impact are provided.